針對一個用過vmware的使用者來說,轉換使用virtualbox並不會遇到太多的問題,許多觀念是相通的。我會試圖在這篇文章中列出一些基本的設定。
設定檔
在vmware中,每個虛擬機器的設定檔&資料,通通都放在一個資料夾內,而在virtualbox中,則是所有虛擬機器的設定檔&資料,放在下面這個資料夾下:
C:\Documents and Settings\accountName\.VirtualBox\
VirtualBox.xml :存放VirtualBox軟體本身的設定資料,還有指出各個虛擬機器xml設定檔位置。
HardDisks\ :存放虛擬機器的硬碟檔資料夾
Machines\ :存放虛擬機器的設定檔資料夾
預設虛擬機器存放位置修改
在預設值下,相關的資料與設定檔都會存放在上列的.VirtualBox\ 資料夾中,因為自已習慣把資料都丟到D槽,所以C槽空間並不夠,所以一灌完virtualbox,我一定會把設定修改,存放到D槽,修改的方式,一是直接修改VirtualBox.xm,一是透過他的圖形介面修改,下列兩張圖是修改方式,只要兩個步驟,很快就可以修改出來。
virtualbox Addon
在vmware中,可以在guest OS中安裝一個長駐程式,方便操作,而在virtualbox中,也有同樣角色的程式,可以從下列的選單去呼叫安裝,他會把映象檔掛到光碟機,再利用auto run安裝,所以如果發現無法安裝,請先確認在guest OS中的光碟機是否已經掛上映象檔了,自已手動點選執行檔案裝。
使用者登入guest OS時,就會有一個VboxTray.exe執行啟動,如果在本機桌面通常是沒啥問題,但如果是從遠端桌面登入這個guest OS,有時會發現VboxTray.exe CPU使用率往上拉,所以如果是遠端桌面登入guest OS,我會選擇把這一支程式關掉。
2010年1月1日 星期五
中國的土地制度
中國的土地制度,在共產黨的憲法中
第一百四十三條 中華民國領土內之土地屬於國民全體。人民依法取得之土地所有權,應受法律之保障與限制。
所以,在台灣,你買下的土地,可以一代傳一代,而在中國,這是不成立的。
在中國,拍賣土地的收益,是地方政府的重要收入,此處,拍賣的是使用權,土地還是國有的,所以,對於整個中國的土地價格狂飆,身在土地私有制的台灣,我很難理解,大家為什麼願意用這麼高昂的成本,購買所謂的「使用權」。
拍賣土地的收入,不止可以提高地方政府的收入,還有一個很有用的地方,就是GDP的成長,在中國的官場,要升官的一個重要依據,就是經濟數據要很漂亮,而GDP是一個很重要的數字。先來複習一下當年上經濟學時,美君老師講的一個笑話
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
有兩個學生,有一天走在路上,突然發現前面的草地上有一堆狗屎
甲就對乙說:「如果你能把它吃下去,我願意出五千萬。」
五千萬的誘惑可真不小,吃還是不吃呢?
乙掏出紙筆,進行了精確的數學計算
很快得出了經濟學上的最佳報酬率解: 「吃!」
於是甲損失了五千萬,當然,乙的這頓加菜嬰Y的也並不輕鬆
兩個人繼續散步,突然又發現另一堆狗屎
這時候乙開始劇烈的反胃
而甲也有點心疼剛才花掉的五千萬了
於是乙對甲說:「你把它吃下去,我也給你五千萬。」
於是,不同的計算方法,相同的計算結果-- 『吃!』
甲心滿意足的收回了五千萬,而乙似乎也找到了一點心理平衡
可是突然間,天才們同時嚎啕大哭:
鬧了半天我們什麼也沒有得到,卻白白的吃了兩堆狗屎!
他們怎麼也想不通,只好去請教他們的教授:
一位著名的經濟學泰斗給他們解釋原因
聽了兩位高足的故事
只見經濟學泰斗顫巍巍的舉起一根手指頭,無比激動地說:
「一億啊!~一億啊!~我親愛的同學
我代表國家感謝你們,你們僅僅吃了兩堆狗屎
就為國家的GDP(國內生產毛額)貢獻了一億的產值!」
[上面這一段是抄自http://wzj205.pixnet.net/blog/post/24722868 懶的想當時聽到的版本 ]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
簡單的說,如果他轄下有一塊土地,市價五億,當這塊土地轉手100次,那麼就可以產生500億的GDP。
如此,土地漲的越高,地方政府可以用更高的價錢把土拍賣出去,賺取更高的財政收入,上漲的同時,代表大量的轉手交易,這些交易都可以進一步的拉抬GDP,進而推升所謂的經濟成長率,市價1億的地,要增加多少的工廠、服務業,才有辦法產生同樣的GDP?
換另外一個角度,台灣從SARS後,房地產一路漲了過來,優惠房貸推到不能再推,就漲幅來算,或許並沒有像中國那麼可怕,但同樣也是產生了許多虛胖的GDP,這些GDP,是許許多多小老百姓,用20年房貸,每個月4成收入換來的。也是許許多多的投機客,努力交易房屋換來的。可以說是跟未來借GDP,這或許可以拿來解釋,為什麼阿扁總統最後幾年的經濟成長率,其實也並不是說很難看,但是大家卻是覺得,經濟上非常難過的原因吧?
台灣所遵行的中華民國憲法城市的土地属于国家所有。
农村和城市郊区的土地,除由法律规定属于国家所有的以外,属于集体所有;宅基地和自留地、自留山,也属于集体所有。
第一百四十三條 中華民國領土內之土地屬於國民全體。人民依法取得之土地所有權,應受法律之保障與限制。
所以,在台灣,你買下的土地,可以一代傳一代,而在中國,這是不成立的。
在中國,拍賣土地的收益,是地方政府的重要收入,此處,拍賣的是使用權,土地還是國有的,所以,對於整個中國的土地價格狂飆,身在土地私有制的台灣,我很難理解,大家為什麼願意用這麼高昂的成本,購買所謂的「使用權」。
拍賣土地的收入,不止可以提高地方政府的收入,還有一個很有用的地方,就是GDP的成長,在中國的官場,要升官的一個重要依據,就是經濟數據要很漂亮,而GDP是一個很重要的數字。先來複習一下當年上經濟學時,美君老師講的一個笑話
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
有兩個學生,有一天走在路上,突然發現前面的草地上有一堆狗屎
甲就對乙說:「如果你能把它吃下去,我願意出五千萬。」
五千萬的誘惑可真不小,吃還是不吃呢?
乙掏出紙筆,進行了精確的數學計算
很快得出了經濟學上的最佳報酬率解: 「吃!」
於是甲損失了五千萬,當然,乙的這頓加菜嬰Y的也並不輕鬆
兩個人繼續散步,突然又發現另一堆狗屎
這時候乙開始劇烈的反胃
而甲也有點心疼剛才花掉的五千萬了
於是乙對甲說:「你把它吃下去,我也給你五千萬。」
於是,不同的計算方法,相同的計算結果-- 『吃!』
甲心滿意足的收回了五千萬,而乙似乎也找到了一點心理平衡
可是突然間,天才們同時嚎啕大哭:
鬧了半天我們什麼也沒有得到,卻白白的吃了兩堆狗屎!
他們怎麼也想不通,只好去請教他們的教授:
一位著名的經濟學泰斗給他們解釋原因
聽了兩位高足的故事
只見經濟學泰斗顫巍巍的舉起一根手指頭,無比激動地說:
「一億啊!~一億啊!~我親愛的同學
我代表國家感謝你們,你們僅僅吃了兩堆狗屎
就為國家的GDP(國內生產毛額)貢獻了一億的產值!」
[上面這一段是抄自http://wzj205.pixnet.net/blog/post/24722868 懶的想當時聽到的版本 ]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
簡單的說,如果他轄下有一塊土地,市價五億,當這塊土地轉手100次,那麼就可以產生500億的GDP。
如此,土地漲的越高,地方政府可以用更高的價錢把土拍賣出去,賺取更高的財政收入,上漲的同時,代表大量的轉手交易,這些交易都可以進一步的拉抬GDP,進而推升所謂的經濟成長率,市價1億的地,要增加多少的工廠、服務業,才有辦法產生同樣的GDP?
換另外一個角度,台灣從SARS後,房地產一路漲了過來,優惠房貸推到不能再推,就漲幅來算,或許並沒有像中國那麼可怕,但同樣也是產生了許多虛胖的GDP,這些GDP,是許許多多小老百姓,用20年房貸,每個月4成收入換來的。也是許許多多的投機客,努力交易房屋換來的。可以說是跟未來借GDP,這或許可以拿來解釋,為什麼阿扁總統最後幾年的經濟成長率,其實也並不是說很難看,但是大家卻是覺得,經濟上非常難過的原因吧?
中國的戶籍制度
台灣與中國的戶籍制度差異是巨大的,因為台灣被日本殖民統治五十年,許多戶籍制度皆由此延續,而中國則是在1958年時發佈「中华人民共和国户口登记条例」,在台灣,如果你要查你家在日據時代的戶籍資料,還可以去戶政事務所查,在中國,由於民國初年的戰亂、日本入侵,就很難有資料可以查。
在中國,戶籍的轉換是困難的,你要由河南人變成「北京人」,要由「北京人」變成河南人,都不是一件容易的事,甚至是要付出一筆高額的費用,在中國的國家戰略中,人口過多是一個「問題」,他們也不喜歡城市的人口成長過快,(官方文件:北京市“七五”计划提出,严格控制城市规模和人口的增长)。當然,這些年來,官僚的說法與現實的落差越來越大。
在中國的現實環境中,都市戶口占有許多優勢,可以用比較低的分數考上本地的大學(試想一下,台北市的台灣大學,如果只因為你戶籍在台北就可以用比較低的分數進去讀,這恐怕會造成鄉民大暴動),都市中較容易找工作,公司也愛用本地人,所以都市戶口是很吃香的。
當然,我們有原住民的加分機制,但是相對於整個升學制度來說,比例是很小的。
所以,許多外地人到大城市工作,只能「暫住」,就算工作個十年八年,也仍然是「暫住」,就算小孩子生出來,因為沒有都市的戶口,所以不能到本地的小學就讀。根據
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E5%B7%A5 的資料,全中國有總人口的34.5%是所謂的民工,也就是擁有非城鎮戶口,並離開戶籍所在地外出務工的人員,所以其實,換另外一個想法,其實中國早就已經高度都市化,大批鄉村人口早就移到都市中居住,這個事實,只是因為法律上的限制,造成他們的戶籍無法轉到大城市。
所以,每年過年的返鄉潮, 仍會繼續下去,因為老父老母都在老家,戶籍就卡在那兒,連轉都不能轉。在台灣,每年過年的返鄉潮,是由台北往全台擴散,最多也不過數百公里,而在中國,由各大城市往各省各縣的返鄉潮,動不動就是一整天的交通時間,上千公里的交通里程。
在中國,戶籍的轉換是困難的,你要由河南人變成「北京人」,要由「北京人」變成河南人,都不是一件容易的事,甚至是要付出一筆高額的費用,在中國的國家戰略中,人口過多是一個「問題」,他們也不喜歡城市的人口成長過快,(官方文件:北京市“七五”计划提出,严格控制城市规模和人口的增长)。當然,這些年來,官僚的說法與現實的落差越來越大。
在中國的現實環境中,都市戶口占有許多優勢,可以用比較低的分數考上本地的大學(試想一下,台北市的台灣大學,如果只因為你戶籍在台北就可以用比較低的分數進去讀,這恐怕會造成鄉民大暴動),都市中較容易找工作,公司也愛用本地人,所以都市戶口是很吃香的。
當然,我們有原住民的加分機制,但是相對於整個升學制度來說,比例是很小的。
所以,許多外地人到大城市工作,只能「暫住」,就算工作個十年八年,也仍然是「暫住」,就算小孩子生出來,因為沒有都市的戶口,所以不能到本地的小學就讀。根據
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E5%B7%A5 的資料,全中國有總人口的34.5%是所謂的民工,也就是擁有非城鎮戶口,並離開戶籍所在地外出務工的人員,所以其實,換另外一個想法,其實中國早就已經高度都市化,大批鄉村人口早就移到都市中居住,這個事實,只是因為法律上的限制,造成他們的戶籍無法轉到大城市。
所以,每年過年的返鄉潮, 仍會繼續下去,因為老父老母都在老家,戶籍就卡在那兒,連轉都不能轉。在台灣,每年過年的返鄉潮,是由台北往全台擴散,最多也不過數百公里,而在中國,由各大城市往各省各縣的返鄉潮,動不動就是一整天的交通時間,上千公里的交通里程。
2009年12月31日 星期四
2009年12月22日 星期二
reduce viewstate size for performance issue
微軟的asp.net中,有個東西叫viewstate,預設會啟用,用來維護他的控制項的一些狀態與資訊,原始的設計理念,是用來減輕程式設計師的負擔,少寫一些code,但是,凡事總是有例外,比如說,我笨笨的寫了一個小網站,巡檢系統,程式不算大,也就不到十個頁面,但是他的效能就是不佳,看原始碼,也沒複雜到那兒,但是有時就是很慢。
今天,裝了一個firefox的add-on,叫Viewstate Size,當我逛一個網頁時,他就在右下角透出這個頁面的viewstate(viewstate只會出現在用微軟asp.net寫的網站)的大小,然後就逛了一下我的小網站,天呀,真是暴肥,隨著自訂巡檢單的大小不同,竟然可以肥到635KB,如果以512/64的ADSL來說,大約要10秒的下載時間,然後如果計算整個網頁的size,竟然達到2.27MB。
在asp.net的寫法下,有很多便利的地方,但是也因為這樣,對於我這種不熟練的傢伙來說,也很容易寫出怪物程式,從他的開發介面中,並不會看到這些問題,為了方便,我拉了一狗票的User Control,然後,巨量的control,養肥viewstate,程式仍然可以動,功能仍然正常,只是,偶爾覺得,怎麼頓頓的?但又不是每次都頓頓的(歸功於區域網路的頻寬充足)。
針對viewstate,有許多處理方式,下面是參考的連結,我經驗不夠,就不亂說了
1.關掉viewstate
Help! My ViewState Is Out Of Control
2.把viestate轉到session中
Reduce ViewState Size In ASP.NET 2.0
3.查看viewstate存放的資訊--tool ViewState Decoder (2.2)
(不過我網頁的viewstate太肥,這工具沒辦法看)
http://alt.pluralsight.com/tools.aspx
今天,裝了一個firefox的add-on,叫Viewstate Size,當我逛一個網頁時,他就在右下角透出這個頁面的viewstate(viewstate只會出現在用微軟asp.net寫的網站)的大小,然後就逛了一下我的小網站,天呀,真是暴肥,隨著自訂巡檢單的大小不同,竟然可以肥到635KB,如果以512/64的ADSL來說,大約要10秒的下載時間,然後如果計算整個網頁的size,竟然達到2.27MB。
在asp.net的寫法下,有很多便利的地方,但是也因為這樣,對於我這種不熟練的傢伙來說,也很容易寫出怪物程式,從他的開發介面中,並不會看到這些問題,為了方便,我拉了一狗票的User Control,然後,巨量的control,養肥viewstate,程式仍然可以動,功能仍然正常,只是,偶爾覺得,怎麼頓頓的?但又不是每次都頓頓的(歸功於區域網路的頻寬充足)。
針對viewstate,有許多處理方式,下面是參考的連結,我經驗不夠,就不亂說了
1.關掉viewstate
Help! My ViewState Is Out Of Control
2.把viestate轉到session中
Reduce ViewState Size In ASP.NET 2.0
3.查看viewstate存放的資訊--tool ViewState Decoder (2.2)
(不過我網頁的viewstate太肥,這工具沒辦法看)
http://alt.pluralsight.com/tools.aspx
2009年12月18日 星期五
Virtualbox簡介&版權宣告
對許多預算有限的小公司來說,每一份IT預算都珍貴無 比,利用免費的軟體以避免不必要的支出與版權問題,會是許多人所努力追尋的。
虛擬化,是近幾年很熱門的一項技術,VMWARE更是市場龍頭,VMware本身亦有提供一些免費的產品線,供人使用,除此之外,微軟亦有Virtual PC,連windows 7都有內建XP Mode(其實就是virtual PC + XP OS),最後,VirtualBox則是我最後認識的一套軟體。
需要注意的,如果你用一台實體機器,上面利用虛擬機器灌了一堆iwndows OS,那要計算的軟體費用也是很可怕的,而且,根據人的「灌」性,通常都會灌上N個虛擬機器。並不是每一個老闆都能理解,為什麼沒有買機器,軟體授權的費用還是一直往上成長,windows 2008有不同的計算方式,第一個虛擬機器是不另計費(他內建的Virtual PC & server 2003 Standard版 &Hyper-V授權),但第二個以後還是要乖乖算錢。在大量虛擬化後,軟體佔支出費用的比例,將佔用更高的比率。
Virtualbox跟vmware workstation不同的地方,在於對於光碟片與硬碟的處理方式,在vmware workstation中,是一個資料夾,裡面就放上虛擬機器的設定檔,還有硬碟映像檔,甚至是suspend時記憶體的snapshot等,所以操作上,是以資料夾為單位,一個資料夾代表一個虛擬機器,還有他的硬碟、設定檔等資料。
但是Virtualbox則是一個介面(Virtual Media Manager)集中放置所有的硬碟檔、光碟映像檔路徑、軟碟映像檔路徑等,所以如果你在其中一台機器中有使用過D:\xp.iso,那麼另外一台虛擬機器亦可以從他的介面中選擇此iso檔
在預設值中,他的硬碟是集中放置於一個地方,C:\Documents and Settings\UserAccountName\.VirtualBox ,對於習慣將資料放在C槽以外的使用者,會需要手動更新一下設定,在執行Virtualbox後,在檔案(file)->偏好設定(Preference)中的「一般」,就可以設定
下表為他的授權說明,原始網址:http://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/VirtualBox_PUEL
In summary, the VirtualBox PUEL allows you to use VirtualBox free of charge
If you do not belong to either category, you will have to purchase a commercial license. Do not hesitate to contact Sun Microsystems, Inc. in this matter.
If you are confused by the legalese below, you may also want to take a look at our Licensing FAQ to answer a few common questions.
SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INC. (“SUN”) IS WILLING TO LICENSE THE PRODUCT (AS DEFINED IN § 1 BELOW) TO YOU ONLY UPON THE CONDITION THAT YOU ACCEPT ALL OF THE TERMS CONTAINED IN THIS VIRTUALBOX PERSONAL USE AND EVALUATION LICENSE AGREEMENT (“AGREEMENT”). PLEASE READ THE AGREEMENT CAREFULLY. BY DOWNLOADING OR INSTALLING THIS PRODUCT, YOU ACCEPT THE FULL TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT.
IF YOU ARE AGREEING TO THIS LICENSE ON BEHALF OF AN ENTITY OTHER THAN AN INDIVIDUAL PERSON, YOU REPRESENT THAT YOU ARE BINDING AND HAVE THE RIGHT TO BIND THE ENTITY TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT.
§ 1 Subject of Agreement. “Product”, as referred to in this Agreement, shall be the binary software package “Sun VirtualBox,” which Product allows for creating multiple virtual computers, each with different operating systems (“Guest Computers”), on a physical computer with a specific operating system (“Host Computer”), to allow for installing and executing these Guest Computers simultaneously. The Product consists of executable files in machine code for the Solaris, Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X operating systems as well as other data files as required by the executable files at run-time and documentation in electronic form. The Product includes all documentation and updates provided to You by Sun under this Agreement and the terms of this Agreement will apply to all such documentation and updates unless a different license is provided with an update or documentation.
§ 2 Grant of license. (1) Sun grants you a personal, non-exclusive, non-transferable, limited license without fees to reproduce, install, execute, and use internally the Product a Host Computer for your Personal Use, Educational Use, or Evaluation. “Personal Use” requires that you use the Product on the same Host Computer where you installed it yourself and that no more than one client connect to that Host Computer at a time for the purpose of displaying Guest Computers remotely. “Educational use” is any use in an academic institution (schools, colleges and universities, by teachers and students). “Evaluation” means testing the Product for a reasonable period (that is, normally for a few weeks); after expiry of that term, you are no longer permitted to evaluate the Product.
(2) The “VirtualBox Guest Additions” are a set of drivers and utilities that are shipped as a subset of the Product for the purpose of being installed inside a Guest Computer to improve its performance and cooperation with the rest of the Product. In addition to and independent of the rights granted by subsection 1, Sun allows you to install, execute, copy and redistribute a) unmodified copies of the ISO installation medium of the VirtualBox Guest Additions as shipped with the Product and b) the VirtualBox Guest Additions together with the Guest Computer into which they have been installed.
§ 3 Restrictions and Reservation of Rights. (1) Any use beyond the provisions of § 2 is prohibited. The Product and copies thereof provided to you under this Agreement are copyrighted and licensed, not sold, to you by Sun. Sun reserves all copyrights and other intellectual property rights. This includes, but is not limited to, the right to modify, make available or public, rent out, lease, lend or otherwise distribute the Product. This does not apply as far as applicable law may require otherwise or if Sun grants you additional rights of use in a separate agreement in writing.
(2) You may not do any of the following: (a) modify the Product. However if the documentation accompanying Product lists specific portions of Product, such as header files, class libraries, reference source code, and/or redistributable files, that may be handled differently, you may do so only as provided in the documentation; (b) rent, lease, lend or encumber the Product; (c) remove or alter any proprietary legends or notices contained in the Product; or (d) decompile, or reverse engineer the Product (unless enforcement of this restrictions is prohibited by applicable law).
(3) The Product is not designed, licensed or intended for use in the design, construction, operation or maintenance of any nuclear facility and Sun and its licensors disclaim any express or implied warranty of fitness for such uses.
(4) No right, title or interest in or to any trademark, service mark, logo or trade name of Sun or its licensors is granted under this Agreement.
§ 4 Termination. The Agreement is effective on the Date you receive the Product and remains effective until terminated. Your rights under this Agreement will terminate immediately without notice from Sun if you materially breach it or take any action in derogation of Sun's and/or its licensors' rights to Product. Sun may terminate this Agreement should any Product become, or in Sun's reasonable opinion likely to become, the subject of a claim of intellectual property infringement or trade secret misappropriation. Upon termination, you will cease use of, and destroy, Product and confirm compliance in writing to Sun. Sections 3-9, inclusive, will survive termination of the Agreement.
§ 5 Disclaimer of Warranty. TO THE EXTENT NOT PROHIBITED BY APPLICABLE LAW, SUN PROVIDES THE PRODUCT “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT, EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT THAT THESE DISCLAIMERS ARE HELD TO BE LEGALLY INVALID. The entire risk as to the quality and performance of the Product is with you. Should it prove defective, you assume the cost of all necessary servicing, repair, or correction. In addition, Sun shall be allowed to provide updates to the Product in urgent cases. You are then obliged to install such updates. Such an urgent case includes, but is not limited to, a claim of rights to the Product by a third party.
§ 6 Limitation of Liability. TO THE EXTENT NOT PROHIBITED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT WILL SUN OR ITS LICENSORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOST REVENUE, PROFIT OR DATA, OR FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, HOWEVER CAUSED REGARDLESS OF THE THEORY OF LIABILITY, ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE PRODUCT, EVEN IF SUN HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. In no event will Sun's liability to you, whether in contract, tort (including negligence), or otherwise, exceed the amount paid by you for Product under this Agreement. Some states do not allow the exclusion of incidental or consequential damages, so some of the terms above may not be applicable to you.
§ 7 Third Party Code. Portions of Product may be provided with notices and open source licenses from communities and third parties that govern the use of those portions, and any licenses granted hereunder do not alter any rights and obligations You may have under such open source licenses, however, the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provisions in this Agreement will apply to all the Product.
§ 8 Export Regulations. All Product, documents, technical data, and any other materials delivered under this Agreement are subject to U.S. export control laws and may be subject to export or import regulations in other countries. You agree to comply strictly with these laws and regulations and acknowledge that you have the responsibility to obtain any licenses to export, re-export, or import as may be required after delivery to you.
§ 9 U.S. Government Restricted Rights. If Product is being acquired by or on behalf of the U.S. Government or by a U.S. Government prime contractor or subcontractor (at any tier), then the Government's rights in Product and accompanying documentation will be only as set forth in this Agreement; this is in accordance with 48 CFR 227.7201 through 227.7202-4 (for Department of Defense (DOD) acquisitions) and with 48 CFR 2.101 and 12.212 (for non-DOD acquisitions).
§ 10 Miscellaneous. This Agreement is the entire agreement between you and Sun relating to its subject matter. It supersedes all prior or contemporaneous oral or written communications, proposals, representations and warranties and prevails over any conflicting or additional terms of any quote, order, acknowledgment, or other communication between the parties relating to its subject matter during the term of this Agreement. No modification of this Agreement will be binding, unless in writing and signed by an authorized representative of each party. If any provision of this Agreement is held to be unenforceable, this Agreement will remain in effect with the provision omitted, unless omission would frustrate the intent of the parties, in which case this Agreement will immediately terminate. Course of dealing and other standard business conditions of the parties or the industry shall not apply. Place of performance and legal venue shall be Santa Clara, California, the domicile of Sun. Any action related to this Agreement will be governed by the law of the State of California and controlling U.S. federal law. No choice of law rules of any jurisdiction will apply.
虛擬化,是近幾年很熱門的一項技術,VMWARE更是市場龍頭,VMware本身亦有提供一些免費的產品線,供人使用,除此之外,微軟亦有Virtual PC,連windows 7都有內建XP Mode(其實就是virtual PC + XP OS),最後,VirtualBox則是我最後認識的一套軟體。
需要注意的,如果你用一台實體機器,上面利用虛擬機器灌了一堆iwndows OS,那要計算的軟體費用也是很可怕的,而且,根據人的「灌」性,通常都會灌上N個虛擬機器。並不是每一個老闆都能理解,為什麼沒有買機器,軟體授權的費用還是一直往上成長,windows 2008有不同的計算方式,第一個虛擬機器是不另計費(他內建的Virtual PC & server 2003 Standard版 &Hyper-V授權),但第二個以後還是要乖乖算錢。在大量虛擬化後,軟體佔支出費用的比例,將佔用更高的比率。
Virtualbox跟vmware workstation不同的地方,在於對於光碟片與硬碟的處理方式,在vmware workstation中,是一個資料夾,裡面就放上虛擬機器的設定檔,還有硬碟映像檔,甚至是suspend時記憶體的snapshot等,所以操作上,是以資料夾為單位,一個資料夾代表一個虛擬機器,還有他的硬碟、設定檔等資料。
但是Virtualbox則是一個介面(Virtual Media Manager)集中放置所有的硬碟檔、光碟映像檔路徑、軟碟映像檔路徑等,所以如果你在其中一台機器中有使用過D:\xp.iso,那麼另外一台虛擬機器亦可以從他的介面中選擇此iso檔
在預設值中,他的硬碟是集中放置於一個地方,C:\Documents and Settings\UserAccountName\.VirtualBox ,對於習慣將資料放在C槽以外的使用者,會需要手動更新一下設定,在執行Virtualbox後,在檔案(file)->偏好設定(Preference)中的「一般」,就可以設定
- 硬碟映像檔案預設的位置
- 虛擬機器設定的預設位置
- What exactly do you mean by personal use and academic use in the Personal Use and Evaluation License?
Personal use is when you install the product on one or more PCs yourself and you make use of it (or even your friend, sister and grandmother). It doesn't matter whether you just use it for fun or run your multi-million euro business with it. Also, if you install it on your work PC at some large company, this is still personal use. However, if you are an administrator and want to deploy it to the 500 desktops in your company, this would no longer qualify as personal use. Well, you could ask each of your 500 employees to install VirtualBox but don't you think we deserve some money in this case? We'd even assist you with any issue you might have.
Use at academic institutions such as schools, colleges and universities by both teachers and students is covered. So in addition to the personal use which is always permitted, academic institutions may also choose to roll out the software in an automated way to make it available to its students and personnel.
下表為他的授權說明,原始網址:http://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/VirtualBox_PUEL
VirtualBox Personal Use and Evaluation License (PUEL) ¶
This license applies if you download the full VirtualBox binaries from the Downloads page. It does not apply to the VirtualBox Open Source Edition (OSE), which falls under the GPL instead; see Editions for details about the differences between these releases.In summary, the VirtualBox PUEL allows you to use VirtualBox free of charge
- for personal use or, alternatively,
- for product evaluation.
If you do not belong to either category, you will have to purchase a commercial license. Do not hesitate to contact Sun Microsystems, Inc. in this matter.
If you are confused by the legalese below, you may also want to take a look at our Licensing FAQ to answer a few common questions.
VirtualBox PUEL terms and conditions ¶
License version 7, September 10, 2008SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INC. (“SUN”) IS WILLING TO LICENSE THE PRODUCT (AS DEFINED IN § 1 BELOW) TO YOU ONLY UPON THE CONDITION THAT YOU ACCEPT ALL OF THE TERMS CONTAINED IN THIS VIRTUALBOX PERSONAL USE AND EVALUATION LICENSE AGREEMENT (“AGREEMENT”). PLEASE READ THE AGREEMENT CAREFULLY. BY DOWNLOADING OR INSTALLING THIS PRODUCT, YOU ACCEPT THE FULL TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT.
IF YOU ARE AGREEING TO THIS LICENSE ON BEHALF OF AN ENTITY OTHER THAN AN INDIVIDUAL PERSON, YOU REPRESENT THAT YOU ARE BINDING AND HAVE THE RIGHT TO BIND THE ENTITY TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT.
§ 1 Subject of Agreement. “Product”, as referred to in this Agreement, shall be the binary software package “Sun VirtualBox,” which Product allows for creating multiple virtual computers, each with different operating systems (“Guest Computers”), on a physical computer with a specific operating system (“Host Computer”), to allow for installing and executing these Guest Computers simultaneously. The Product consists of executable files in machine code for the Solaris, Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X operating systems as well as other data files as required by the executable files at run-time and documentation in electronic form. The Product includes all documentation and updates provided to You by Sun under this Agreement and the terms of this Agreement will apply to all such documentation and updates unless a different license is provided with an update or documentation.
§ 2 Grant of license. (1) Sun grants you a personal, non-exclusive, non-transferable, limited license without fees to reproduce, install, execute, and use internally the Product a Host Computer for your Personal Use, Educational Use, or Evaluation. “Personal Use” requires that you use the Product on the same Host Computer where you installed it yourself and that no more than one client connect to that Host Computer at a time for the purpose of displaying Guest Computers remotely. “Educational use” is any use in an academic institution (schools, colleges and universities, by teachers and students). “Evaluation” means testing the Product for a reasonable period (that is, normally for a few weeks); after expiry of that term, you are no longer permitted to evaluate the Product.
(2) The “VirtualBox Guest Additions” are a set of drivers and utilities that are shipped as a subset of the Product for the purpose of being installed inside a Guest Computer to improve its performance and cooperation with the rest of the Product. In addition to and independent of the rights granted by subsection 1, Sun allows you to install, execute, copy and redistribute a) unmodified copies of the ISO installation medium of the VirtualBox Guest Additions as shipped with the Product and b) the VirtualBox Guest Additions together with the Guest Computer into which they have been installed.
§ 3 Restrictions and Reservation of Rights. (1) Any use beyond the provisions of § 2 is prohibited. The Product and copies thereof provided to you under this Agreement are copyrighted and licensed, not sold, to you by Sun. Sun reserves all copyrights and other intellectual property rights. This includes, but is not limited to, the right to modify, make available or public, rent out, lease, lend or otherwise distribute the Product. This does not apply as far as applicable law may require otherwise or if Sun grants you additional rights of use in a separate agreement in writing.
(2) You may not do any of the following: (a) modify the Product. However if the documentation accompanying Product lists specific portions of Product, such as header files, class libraries, reference source code, and/or redistributable files, that may be handled differently, you may do so only as provided in the documentation; (b) rent, lease, lend or encumber the Product; (c) remove or alter any proprietary legends or notices contained in the Product; or (d) decompile, or reverse engineer the Product (unless enforcement of this restrictions is prohibited by applicable law).
(3) The Product is not designed, licensed or intended for use in the design, construction, operation or maintenance of any nuclear facility and Sun and its licensors disclaim any express or implied warranty of fitness for such uses.
(4) No right, title or interest in or to any trademark, service mark, logo or trade name of Sun or its licensors is granted under this Agreement.
§ 4 Termination. The Agreement is effective on the Date you receive the Product and remains effective until terminated. Your rights under this Agreement will terminate immediately without notice from Sun if you materially breach it or take any action in derogation of Sun's and/or its licensors' rights to Product. Sun may terminate this Agreement should any Product become, or in Sun's reasonable opinion likely to become, the subject of a claim of intellectual property infringement or trade secret misappropriation. Upon termination, you will cease use of, and destroy, Product and confirm compliance in writing to Sun. Sections 3-9, inclusive, will survive termination of the Agreement.
§ 5 Disclaimer of Warranty. TO THE EXTENT NOT PROHIBITED BY APPLICABLE LAW, SUN PROVIDES THE PRODUCT “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT, EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT THAT THESE DISCLAIMERS ARE HELD TO BE LEGALLY INVALID. The entire risk as to the quality and performance of the Product is with you. Should it prove defective, you assume the cost of all necessary servicing, repair, or correction. In addition, Sun shall be allowed to provide updates to the Product in urgent cases. You are then obliged to install such updates. Such an urgent case includes, but is not limited to, a claim of rights to the Product by a third party.
§ 6 Limitation of Liability. TO THE EXTENT NOT PROHIBITED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT WILL SUN OR ITS LICENSORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOST REVENUE, PROFIT OR DATA, OR FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, HOWEVER CAUSED REGARDLESS OF THE THEORY OF LIABILITY, ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE PRODUCT, EVEN IF SUN HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. In no event will Sun's liability to you, whether in contract, tort (including negligence), or otherwise, exceed the amount paid by you for Product under this Agreement. Some states do not allow the exclusion of incidental or consequential damages, so some of the terms above may not be applicable to you.
§ 7 Third Party Code. Portions of Product may be provided with notices and open source licenses from communities and third parties that govern the use of those portions, and any licenses granted hereunder do not alter any rights and obligations You may have under such open source licenses, however, the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provisions in this Agreement will apply to all the Product.
§ 8 Export Regulations. All Product, documents, technical data, and any other materials delivered under this Agreement are subject to U.S. export control laws and may be subject to export or import regulations in other countries. You agree to comply strictly with these laws and regulations and acknowledge that you have the responsibility to obtain any licenses to export, re-export, or import as may be required after delivery to you.
§ 9 U.S. Government Restricted Rights. If Product is being acquired by or on behalf of the U.S. Government or by a U.S. Government prime contractor or subcontractor (at any tier), then the Government's rights in Product and accompanying documentation will be only as set forth in this Agreement; this is in accordance with 48 CFR 227.7201 through 227.7202-4 (for Department of Defense (DOD) acquisitions) and with 48 CFR 2.101 and 12.212 (for non-DOD acquisitions).
§ 10 Miscellaneous. This Agreement is the entire agreement between you and Sun relating to its subject matter. It supersedes all prior or contemporaneous oral or written communications, proposals, representations and warranties and prevails over any conflicting or additional terms of any quote, order, acknowledgment, or other communication between the parties relating to its subject matter during the term of this Agreement. No modification of this Agreement will be binding, unless in writing and signed by an authorized representative of each party. If any provision of this Agreement is held to be unenforceable, this Agreement will remain in effect with the provision omitted, unless omission would frustrate the intent of the parties, in which case this Agreement will immediately terminate. Course of dealing and other standard business conditions of the parties or the industry shall not apply. Place of performance and legal venue shall be Santa Clara, California, the domicile of Sun. Any action related to this Agreement will be governed by the law of the State of California and controlling U.S. federal law. No choice of law rules of any jurisdiction will apply.
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